Final IB Draft Sashi Ratnayake

The final and third chapter would be to understand how the company responds to the Integration Responsiveness Framework (IRE) and the pressures it face when local responsiveness is been discussed along with how the company reacts to global responsiveness. The key learning and the findings after formulation of the report are, The Coca-Cola Company is one that followed geocentric policy but now it's a recognition policy. Due to unfavorable situations, in its performance the company moved to the transnational strategy from the global strategy.Coca- Cola as a company holds a higher stake in the integration responsiveness ramekin while it concentrates on worldwide learning and flexibility. Acknowledgement would like to take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude to our lecturer Dry. Mashes Samaritan for her tremendous support and guidance throughout this assignment. It is due to her teaching, supervision and encouragement that I have been able to successfully understand and com plete this assignment. Would specially thank my parents for helping me out financially and morally to plan my career for the following two years.And I would like to thank all the staff members at PIPIT city campus and all hose of the individuals, who's the names are not mentioned. Without the help of you all, the completion of this assignment would have never been possible. This exercise is not done with the soul intension of obtaining good grades but to increase my work skills and business skills in planning out a bright future ahead. Thankful again. The report is formulated in such a way to explain how The Coca-Cola Company came up in rankings as the world's largest beverage manufacturer, while evaluating its international business environment.The report will critically evaluate the following questions and sub sections: Chapter 1- Aim 1 is to critically analyze how The Coca-Cola Company executes their international staffing policies and how the company develop global managers Aim 2 is to demonstrate how Coca-Cola's overall Human Resource Management (HARM) Chapter 2- Aim 1 is to critically analyze Coca-Cola's internationalization strategy and the advantages that they derive from that particular strategy. Aim 2 is to critically evaluate how Coca-Cola achieves efficiency, flexibility and worldwide learning.Chapter 3- Aim 1 is to analyze Coca-Cola's Integration responsiveness framework Aim 2 is to analyze the pressures that Coca-Cola faces for local responsiveness and lobar integration Figure 1 – Explanation of Questions and aims Source: Authors work The structure of the report will critically unveils the companies' values, culture, entry strategies, internationalization strategy, ethical standards and the impacts faced by other competitors for local responsiveness. Meanwhile, to prepare the following report key reference books, leading journal articles and relevant websites utilized in the area of International Business were used. We strive to have a lim ited number of international people in the field because generally local people are better equipped to do business at their mom locations,† argued Peters, director of HER for corporate finance and human resources in Atlanta, previously HER director for Coca-Cola's Northwest European division, Infusion (1994). According to Permute (1969) Mac's were thinking about doing business on a global scale, and how this mindset was shaping the companies orientation towards doing business around the world.The orientation of a NC can be reflected in its product offerings, organizational culture, methods to managing foreign workers and recruitment of employees for top positions. 1 . Ethnocentric Orientation – home country 2. Polytechnic Orientation – host country . Geocentric Orientation – whole world Recalling the above statement from one of the key individuals of the Coca- Cola Company it is evident that Coca-Cola sees itself not as a global organization, but as a tran snational enterprise following a geocentric policy which has been extended into a recognition policy.Coca-Cola's transnational strategy allows business operations in more than 200 destinations worldwide while operating under the respective local laws, trends and cultural differences. Therefore the technique used by the beverage giant is to employee many nationals in its international business. The Coca-Cola Company, 2014) Though such a trend exist within the boundaries of the company the need of expatriates have been arousing based on two reasons. Sweatshops, 2010) As argued by Sweatshops (2010) one reason is to fill a need for a specific set of skills that may not exist at a particular location. The second reason according to Sweatshops, (2010) is that if employees cross borders and relocate themselves in different locations and subsidiaries it would be for their own development. Infusion (1994) explains how Peters supporting this argument said, â€Å"before you take on serious se nior managerial accessibility in the company, you should have had an international exposure. The above statement also touches upon how Coca-Cola develop individuals till they reach the level of global managers while focusing on how much international exposures is there before selecting global managers who should possess international caliber. (Infusion, 1994) Figure 2 – Linkage of Staffing Strategies Source: International Business E by Sweatshops (2010) According to Permute (1969) and Sweatshops (2010) there are pros and cons throughout, while Coca-Cola identifies the below as strengths and threats, StrengthsThe best use of human resources Building a cadre of international employees compatible with any culture Multidimensional transfer of core competencies help in creating value through an experience curve of different economies According to the Coca-Cola Company (2010) the above advancements in the year 2009, when they entered the Great Place to Work Institute United Kingdom 's rankings for Great Britain for the first time as No. 26.The reads Host government restrictions on staffing Very high expenses due to the need of providing for the families of transfer employees Meanwhile, Coca Cola focus on human resources development by incineration on the education and training of its employees spending millions every year for training. After significant investigation and researches, Coca Cola In 2007, launched Coca Cola university (Call) a virtual, global university for all learning and capability-building activities across the Company. E-Learning was used to train Coca Cola newly recruited managers and expatriates (Sweatshops, 2010).According to Bandmaster (1995) introduces four methods that is now used by Coca-Cola to train expatriates for international assignments, 1. Pre-departure training for expatriates These training sessions will provide expatriates and their family with information related housing, schools, shopping, and health care facilities in the host Country. 2. On-site training for expatriates At the host country the expatriate will receive additional onsite training to familiarize the expatriate with the local working procedures and work environment.These formal programs will deliver orientation about the host country customs and cultures. 3. Repatriation Expatriates and their family Will adapt the host country norms and culture especially in long-term assignment. Usually they will experience high level of tress and cultural shock when return to the home country as a result Of changes that have taken place since their leaving. 4. Training for Host Country Nationals (Hess) and Third Country Nationals (Tics) All employees from team leaders upwards are given an annual skills assessment and development plan.When looking at the above facts and figures, it is evident that the Coca-Cola Company is a geocentric company trying to extend the branches to grow as a recognition company. The staffing methods used by Coca-Cola can be pr aised due to the allocation of labor units throughout the world while ongoing what is best for the company and the locality of the subsidiaries. The overall HARM structure of the company also lies at a very high stake with a promise to grow more with a high level human friendly environment. Boozer (201 1) argued that, â€Å"the key for international companies is finding the right mix of global and local in their operations.

I Admire

I admire a lot of people but the person I admire the most is my mother . She is the most important person in my life. There is no reason for me to live without her by my side. My mom is a veterinary doctor. She loved to help other because she says it was her dream when she was a child. She works hard every day and she likes to learn something new every day. She leads a wonderful family life; she is always cheerful and. She has been married for 3 years. I admire her because she is very intelligent, ambitious and she has many goals in her life.She takes care of us because she loves us. She is also a wonderful mother, very patient, sensitive and warm-hearted. She knows answers to every question, even those she’s very silly. Mom is so patient and sensible, even when she helps others to solve their problems. She is great fun to be with because she has a great sense of humor. My mother has many talents. She is a great runner, a good singer. Generally, Mum is a warm and friendly pers on. She is very patient and careful with everything that she does.She never lets social life get in the way of our relationship. She says that family is the most important things    in her life. She is very important to me, because she teaches me to be a better person every day. She is a good example to me and I love her for many more reasons. I admire my mom so much and I love her. She can always advise me. She wants the best things for our family . I want to be like her when I grow up and even if we were a thousand miles away our hearts will always be together and forever.

Bama Pie Limited Company

Bama Pie, Limited is a company that reinforced â€Å"quality as a way of life.† Bama Pie has been the single source supplier of pies to McDonald†s† U.S. operations. By providing top-quality pie products and â€Å"never missing an order,† Bama had been able to expand its core pie business by landing 50 percent of McDonald†s† oven-ready, prebaked frozen biscuit needs. Another major customer includes Pizza Hut (for which Bama was producing approximately 25% of its bread stick requirements). Bama Pie produced more then 1 million pies per day from facilities in Tulsa, Oklahoma, for McDonald†s. The History of Bama Pie dates to 1927 when Henry C. Marshall decided to utilize the pie-baking talents of his wife, Cornelia Alabama Marshall, to provide employment for himself after a lengthy period of being out of work. The company†s CEO now was 38-year-old Paula Marshall-Chapman, who succeeded her father in 1985 as a chief executive officer of the company. i) Quality has always been the company†s top priority. à  The company had instilled a total quality management discipline in its approximately 600 employees through extensive training and educational programs offered through the in-house Bama Institute. Even fork truck operators have gotten involved in helping solve the inventory adjustments problem. ii) Long-term relationship with McDonald†s has allowed Bama Pie to grow along with McDonald†s as one of its key suppliers. iii) Diversity of expertise: Paula reshaped the management team significantly and assembled a highly professional staff with an average age under 40. The team members are all well-educated, experienced and young (they can serve the company for a longer period of time). iv) BEBOPP: In 1990, Bama instituted the Bama Employees† Bonus on Profit Plan to provide bonus incentives to all employees in the company. The plan was based on an annual return on sales objective that was established by Marshall-Chapman. The profit-sharing plan is a good way of getting employees involved. v) Management talents obtained by Paula: she was the person trained to run the new computer system, and in that capacity she learned the value of training people and helping people solve problems. She was known as the Bama†s problem solver. i) Relationship with McDonald†s: Although Bama has been McDonald†s principal supplier of biscuits for 24 years, they had never established a contract. ii) Relatively small company with limited capital: Compare to Quaker Oats, Bama is a very small company with limited capital for expansion. iii) Limited product line: Bama has a low variety of products. iv) Limited market for its products: Its major customers are McDonald†s, Pizza Hut, Wal-Mart and Sam†s Wholesale Clubs. v) Health Conscious Thinking: Consumers now are more health conscious and some of them do read the nutrition fact label prior to consumption. Pecan pies contain a lot of calories and fat. As consumers become more health conscious, the pecan pies† sales may drop. i) Bama can expand its brand by creating new products such as hard cookies, crackers and power bars. The company still has room for expansion in its under-utilized biscuit plant. ii) Buyout smaller companies that sell similar products. iii) Joint Ventures with foreign local firms: Bama can invite a foreign local firm to invest together to create a local business. They can share ownership, control and profits of the new company. . i) Lose business with McDonald†s: Since more than 70% of the company†s business comes from McDonald†s, if McDonald†s finds another supplier, which provides cheaper pies and biscuits, Bama may lose its business with McDonald†s. ii) Loss of Paula: As it mentioned in the case, Paula is the one who set up the company†s computer system and she is known to be the â€Å"Bama†s problem solver.† With her management talent, she is also described as a â€Å"unique chief executive† by her employees. She is the one who recruits all the professional staff together and she is the core of the company. iii) Competitors: There are a lot of big and small competitors out there. vi) Health Conscious Thinking: As I mentioned earlier, consumers now are more health conscious and some of them do read the nutrition fact label prior to consumption. Pecan pies contain a lot of calories and fat. As consumers become more health conscious, the pecan pies† sales may drop.

Females & family Essay

Being someone means that a person has one’s own concept of an own identity. This means that one knows what he/she wants and why he/she wants it. Furthermore, one that has properly established an identity can be freed of the manipulations of others. Men and women alike are in search and in pursuance of a self that they could call their own. Even in fiction, the idea of maintaining a personal identity is exemplified. Although their pasts could never be made out quite perfectly, the characters present state and outlooks about the future are enough to explain what is the common theme. The women in the two stories lacked a certain sense of identity that is their own. Judging from their behavior, thoughts and desires, it can be safely said that being in a married state had made them lose their selves. Both female wives were accustomed to a patriarchal family where the male decides for the family. Nancy in Dead Men’s Path and Mrs. Mallard in The Story of an Hour were typical housewives who ascertain to the decisions of their husbands. Both craved for their own interests subtly. Both had unmet needs that were asking to be freed, much ignored by the people around them who were far too busy to even notice. Look more:  literary analysis of the story of an hour essay The female lead character in The Story of an Hour, Mrs. Mallard, was aspiring for freedom that she did not even know she was lacking. Being a married person, most of her time she was thinking of her family—husband, sister and other relatives. Her own good was put at the back of her mind and was very seldom thought of. At the time that her sister gently broke with her the news of her husband’s death, she finally realized that she had been cooped up under the shadow of her husband. Mrs. Mallard was consumed by the thought of exercising her long extinguished right. In her mind she was thinking about the future that was smiling brightly ahead of her, for times that she would be enjoying on her own. â€Å"There would be no one to live for during those coming years; she would live for herself. (Chopin, 1894). † It can be said that her life with her husband had not been a rather satisfying one because her husband had not understood her likes and preferences. She further thinks that due to his death, â€Å"there would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature. A kind intention or a cruel intention made the act seem no less a crime as she looked upon it in that brief moment of illumination (Chopin, 1894). † At that instant, all she wanted was to be free—to be really and truly free—in the full essence of the world. That thought she had enjoyed all to herself, as others would find it hard to understand her joy. She looked at the future ahead of her with a renewed hope. In the words of Chopin (1894), â€Å"But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome. † Mrs. Mallard had been afflicted by heart attack, which showed how fragile she was. Despite the grief that she should be voicing out due to the sudden death of her husband, she could not cage the enthusiasm that gripped her intensely. â€Å"She said it over and over under her breath: ‘free, free, free! ’ The vacant stare and the look of terror that had followed it went from her eyes. They stayed keen and bright. Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body (Chopin, 1894). † Even her love—or what used to be love, even in the littlest sense—had been forgotten completely. In fact, Mrs. Mallard thought, â€Å"What could love, the unsolved mystery, count for in the face of this possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized as the strongest impulse of her being! (Chopin, 1894)† At this point she had established the notion that she was to put herself above everything else seeing that she is not expected to be caged again. She could have sensed her inappropriate response to the death and so locked herself up to celebrate with herself before she went down to face her relatives. She was excited about the future that smiled brightly at her; her time would be spent on whatever she wanted to do without reference to other’s decisions and preferences. She was at last free to be herself again. That was of course until she found out that the cause of her imprisonment was well alive and breathing, her heart failing to cope up with the sudden burst of happiness and then disappointment. The sudden news that gripped her with a revived hope for a bright future had been devastated at the truth that she was not truly freed yet. Nancy, the new headmaster’s young wife, had been burdened by the duties of a wife that she looked older than her actual age. In the following sentence her frustrations were illuminated as stated: â€Å"In their two years of married life she had become completely infected by his passion for ‘modern methods’ and his denigration of ‘these old and superannuated people in the teaching field who would be better employed as traders in the Onitsha market’ (Achebe, 1972)†. The text explicitly mentioned that since she had been married she had lost her own sense of identity and became a subordinate of her husband who had better things in mind than listen to the woes of his wife. Also according to the story, Nancy had been the listener to what his husbands had to say about other people without saying that he has listened to what his wife wants to say. Achebe (1972) illustrates this position by saying that â€Å"Her little personal misfortune could not blind her to her husband’s happy prospects. † In the scene where Nancy was excited about her husband’s new arrangement, she was thinking about her new status and how every other woman would look envious. She was not concerned with what her husband had to do for the welfare of the community. Instead, she was focused on what she would be. She wanted herself to be better in comparison to the other women. She wanted not to regret the fact that she was married to a man that was not unhandsome but not dashing either. However, when she realized that unlike her all other teachers were unmarried, young and better in terms of physical characteristics than her, she was disappointed. She had wanted to be envied and be idolized by others, especially females. Her simple dream was far from being fulfilled. In the story, her character had â€Å"began to see herself already as the admired wife of the young headmaster, the queen of the school. The wives of the other teachers would envy her position. She would set the fashion in everything†¦(Achebe, 1972). † Looking at the two stories and the roles of females in the texts, a generalization can be made stating that females, once in a married status, is asked to sacrifice certain needs that they had been accustomed to in their single life. Because of a family, the women in the stories were asked to be more mature than they actually were, thought of more important things than themselves and asked to understand others in turn. Belonging to a family that is ruled by the male, the lives of the two females could be seen as insignificant in comparison to their husbands. And because their opinions were often unheard, Nancy cannot be blamed for disillusioning herself with the prospect of being the â€Å"queen of the school†; neither can Mrs. Mallard be blamed for her blatant and straightforward yearning for freedom that had been evading him since she was married. Also, the two women could be seen as incomplete because they did not have children with whom to share their happiness with. Nancy had a husband who was busy tending to the needs of the school while Mrs. Mallard had a wife that traveled for business purposes. Both were left to search their own happiness. Word count: 1305 Reference: Achebe, Chinua. (1972). Dead Men’s Path. Girls at War and Other Stories. Harold Ober Associates Incorporated. 30 April 2009. http://www. emcp. com/product_catalog/school/litLink/Grade10/U10-02deadmen/selection. php Chopin, Kate. (1894). The Story of an Hour. 30 April 2009. http://www. vcu. edu/engweb/webtexts/hour/

Total Quality Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Total Quality Management - Case Study Example In comparison to some of the other companies that have perfected the concept, Queensland Education Planning and Accountability Document still needs to make improvements (Queensland State Education, 2008). Any company, no matter the size or if the company is for profit or nonprofit can use basic strategic planning practices. Queensland Education Planning and Accountability Document needs to make continuous improvements by establishing well-defined goals and empowering teaching staff to reach these goals (Queensland Studies Authority, 2008). While total quality management is used in many manufacturing industries, it also can be used in education. When looking at how other districts use total quality management to enhance educating it students there are very few differences between Queensland Education Planning and Accountability Document and Queensland Education Planning and Accountability Document (Catholic Education Commission, 2009). According to J. Manley and R. Manley (2006), â€Å"the New Farm State School District in Queensland, began its quest for total Quality Management (strategic planning) by formally defining the educational philosophy of continuous improvement and quality† (Manley and Manley, 2006) With this beginning, New Farm State School changed total quality management into total quality education. Queensland school system is committed to creating a team environment for students as well as staff. The school believes strongly in creating team-based brainstorming and empowering teachers to make decisions regarding his or her students. New Farm State School District is committed to team-based strategies as well (Johnson, 2006). Both organizations want to provide quality education to their customers, the students. New Farm State School has created pro-active strategies while Queensland Education Planning and Accountability Document take a reactive approach to

Term paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Term - Research Paper Example important to observe the background and personalty development – these aspects definitely influenced the creation and key points of any particular doctrine. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is one of the greatest philosophers, who influenced the development of a variety of paradigms of ancient and modern philosophy. His main concerns lied in the area of ethics and thinking processes of a human being in general. Reviewing Kant’s works, it can be stated according to the key questions he explored, that they have differences with other ancient philosophers ideas, like Socrates. Metaphysics, Politics, Aesthetics and epistemology were some of the core topics that Kant had major interest in. There was a significant impact that Kant’s theories had on human ethics. Human ethical attitudes and behaviors have improved since the introduction of the ethics topic by Immanuel Kant. The key area of investigation was reasoning. Reason is one of the major subjects that Kant investigated underscoring on its significance particularly on the whole society. Kant contended that thinking frame the premise of a quiet conjunction among individuals from the general public. Kant further contended that it is through thinking that the distinction between a creature and an individual is drawn. At the point when a person apply Kant philosophical teachings on their lives, then thinking gets to be a piece of their lives before they make any strides in life subsequently impact their activities to great deeds. A both monetary and social advancement depends vigorously on quiet conjunction in any given society. Kant further contended that it is through thinking that contentions and contrasts between individuals from a particular society are comprehended. The reason is a human privilege. As it was specified above, just people have the capacity to reason – none of different animals on the Earth can. Reason is more profound and more comprehensible than cognizance and sensibility. It is a perspective

Paper 3--The Persuasive Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

3--The Persuasive - Research Paper Example The champions of vegetarianism are so convinced of the benefits of vegetarianism that some of them even advocate that it should be made compulsory. However, although its practitioners put forward many arguments in favor of vegetarianism, none of these are strong or conclusive enough to warrant such an extreme stand. The two major arguments advocated in favor of vegetarianism center round the health benefits of avoiding meat and cruelty to animals. Both these arguments are refutable and open to debate. The primary health-centered argument advanced by vegetarians is that a vegetable based diet has major health benefits, when compared to an animal based diet. It can readily be conceded that the phytochemicals and antioxidants found primarily in fruits and vegetables help the body combat heart disease and cancer. The high fiber content of vegetables and fruits further aid in digestion and protect against disease. However, it must also be conceded that a vegetarian diet is deficient in pr otein, essential amino-acids, calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin B-12. Studies published in 1988 in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition â€Å"concluded that elderly people also should be especially cautious about adopting vegetarian diets† (Health Response Ability Systems). ... Price Foundation). Soy is to be consumed in small quantities and cannot be treated as a generous substitute for animal protein. The second health-centered argument in favor of vegetarianism is that the consumption of animal-based products leads to several diseases, particularly cancer, atherosclerosis, obesity and diabetes. This is attributed to the dietary cholesterol and saturated fats found in animal products. However, it is relevant to note that these diseases for the most part are fairly recent, twentieth-century phenomena, while mankind has been consuming animal products from primitive times. This strongly suggests that extraneous variables, such as food processing, methods of cooking, indulgence in tobacco, alcohol and caffeine, consumption of trans-fatty acids (which are found in margarine and vegetable shortening), and the excessive intake of sugar and carbohydrates may be the actual culprits, in combination with lifestyle factors, including lack of physical exercise, stress and pollution. (Byrnes). It is processed, ‘junk food’ which should be banned and not meat eating. After all, a plate of French fries is as healthy as a hamburger! Thirdly, the advocates of vegetarianism hold that eating animal-based products is hazardous to health as the administration of growth hormones and antibiotics to animal fodder and the contamination of fish by mercury lead to the ingestion of toxins by humans. Inadequate cooking of meat poses the risk of food poisoning. This argument can be countered by the fact that the consumption of genetically modified crops and pesticide contaminated vegetables poses an equal health hazard. Vegetables and fruits can be contaminated by infection causing listerium

Discuss whether economic theory and the available empirical evidence Essay

Discuss whether economic theory and the available empirical evidence justi - Essay Example During the time of peek economy the company has to endure extra remuneration and compensation for the CEOs. Moreover, there is always deliberate discussion over the compensation policy, especially during the time of poor company performance and financial crisis (Balsam, 2002). In this regard, the aim of the paper is to examine the effect in the executive compensation regardless of the poor performance of the company with the help of various economic theories and the empirical evidence. According to Bertrand & Mullainathan (2001) the remuneration of the CEOs in an organisation is based on the principle of the economic agency model. In accordance with this model, the firm owners act as the principal and the hired CEOs are the agents acting on behalf of the owner. The authors argued the fact that the shareholder pays a key role in the organisation in designing the remuneration system of CEO’s in order to maximise the value of the organisation. Moreover, the article examines the fact weather the CEOs are paid on the basis of luck or not. Luck represents changes in the performance of the company, which are beyond the control of CEOs. These three measures include the changes in the pricing trend, firm performance, and year-on-year dissimilarity in the organisational performance. The finding of the evidence revealed that in the different scenario the CEOs pay is significant to luck. Additionally, it has been revealed that in the organisation the payment is largely affected by the luck not with the performance. Pay for the luck has large influence over the discretionary components, including compensation, salary, and bonus structure. It has been determined from the study that mode of the corporate governance plays a crucial role that significantly influences the CEOs remuneration (Bertrand & Mullainathan, 2001). Moreover, the principle of agency model sometime helps the

Critically Evaluate the Competitiveness of the International Essay

Critically Evaluate the Competitiveness of the International Hospitality Industry in the Context of Globalization - Essay Example The advancements in information technology have made it more convenient for hotels, restaurants, and the hospitality industry to gain access to a wider audience and a wider consumer base. With these considerations, this paper shall critically evaluate the competitiveness of the international hospitality industry in the context of globalization. A discussion on the globalization drivers shall first be laid out followed by a discussion on the following aspects: the impact of globalization, impact of transnational companies and multinational companies and deregulation, impact of globalization on SMEs, taxation and economic leakage, inequality in globalization, and the future of the hospitality industry. Body Globalization drivers The competitiveness of the international hospitality industry in the context of globalization is impacted by different factors. One of these factors includes the globalization drivers, which are mainly, cost, market, government, and competitive drivers. Market drivers for globalization are very much based on common customer needs, and are also based on global market channels and global customers (University of Kentucky, n.d). The strength of market drivers are evaluated from a range of multidomestic markets to the global market. For example, the market for specific foods or cuisines would likely find greater success in the local or domestic setting; however, the market for automobiles, computers, and hotels, fast food chains can be high on the global scale (University of Kentucky, n.d). Cost drivers are also drivers for globalization and include elements which relate to global-sized economies, including source efficiencies, production differences, high production development costs, as well as rapidly shifting technologies (Jager, 2009). The Science Initiative Group Institute for Advanced Study (2007) discusses that globalization is driven by cost which is largely based on the economic conditions of organizations. The persistent pressures on the â€Å"economies of scale, advances in technology, and increasing cost of product development are factors that are relevant in this grouping† (Summers, 2005, p. 284). The emergence of innovations adapted by those involved in the hospitality industry determines the costs incurred, and thereby impacts significantly on the call for globalization. In this case, advances in the manner of doing business, including internet availability and advertisements impact on trade costs, prompting other businessmen in the hospitality industry to consider these same innovations (Whitla, Walters, and Davies, 2007). The actions of these drivers are based on other competitors (Summers, 2005). Elements which include increased world trade, new global markets, growth of global economies, and the increased number of competitors all impact on this driver, triggering considerations of globalization (Summers, 2005). Increasing competition among corporations and businesses in the hope of winning ov er customer consumption preferences has also prompted many corporations to improve the marketability of their products. Current trends in most products include the digitalization trends, where most products have now shifted towards digital versions –

DeBeers advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

DeBeers advertising - Essay Example The simulacrum is true† (Ecclesiastes, cited in Baudrillard, 1994, p. 1) Introduction Observations reveal that in postmodern era extensive use of mass media and representative symbols have become an integral part of contemporary culture, where boundaries between fantasy and real world have merged, often making reality unrecognisable (Baudrillard, 1993, pp. 71-72). Mass production and photographic representation (advertisements) have modified human experience to the extent that â€Å"Irreality no longer belongs to the dream or phantasm†¦but to the hallucinatory resemblance of the real itself† (ibid, p. 72). In post-modern era, â€Å"reality† is identified only when it is mimeographed through cloning or simulation; while truth is interceded and manipulated in a manner where present genre of humans fail to differentiate between imaginary and real world, a condition termed as â€Å"hyper-reality† (ibid, pp.70-76). In the context of artificially creating a condition of reality, the best-known example is that of DeBeers where the tagline, â€Å"a diamond is forever† is known to have attached a false sense of value to a simple carbonated rock particle. Besides this, the De Beers advertisements also make strong use of the sign and signification concept (including the referent, the signifier and the signified), where their advertisements, instead of giving any information on the products create meanings through various signs and symbols. ... In this context, the paper will examine the concept of simulation and hyper-reality, comprehend how media managed to manipulate and erase the basic line between fantasy and reality, and create a false sense of value or consumer emotion. It will also analyse the concept of sign and signification, to find out the meaning behind the signs and symbols used in the advertisements. Discussion In post-modernism (especially in the context of capitalistic economies and post-modern developed nations), hyperrealism is a concept that reveals a condition where human consciousness fails to differentiate between falsely created ‘real’ world (simulation) and actual reality (Baudrillard, 1994). In other words, hyper-reality typifies what consciousness distinguishes as "reality" in the cultural context where mass media has the power to alter incidents before presenting them to the readers/viewers. It has resulted from logically derived simulation processes, where signs, logos or phrase-wor ds are being used with increasing frequencies to substitute real products or emotions. Symbols or catchy phrase-words that imitate reality are being made to appear as simplified and easy to recognise. They first cover and then replace the real objects or emotions, and finally end up being more ‘real’ than reality itself (ibid). Modern culture has thus turned into a substitute for reality where â€Å"everything is therefore right on the surface, absolutely superficial. There is no longer a need or requirement for depth or perspective; today, the real and the imaginary are confounded in the same operational totality, and aesthetic fascination is simply everywhere† (Baudrillard, 1976, p. 1019). According to Baudrillard

Energy in American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Energy in American History - Essay Example Coal was seen to be economical in the production of steel and iron. The first half of the 19th century energy consumption in America grew significantly in major sectors (Altomonte and Coviello 37). However, after the Second World War, coal began being replaced by petroleum. The coal used in the locomotives was replaced by diesel and gasoline. Coal was increasingly viewed as unsafe and expensive with regard to labor. However, the use of coal in the production of electricity caused coal to remain relevant (Williams 412). At the same time, natural gas and petroleum became the predominant sources of energy in the energy consuming American society (Altomonte and Coviello 37). During the depression, the consumption of petroleum began to rise. This was accelerated by the oil embargoes in 1973. The Europeans played a crucial role in transforming the American natural resources into commodities. According to research, early America was considered to be in a misconception for extremely dependin g on farming. However, the industrial revolution brought a new approach into the American households. This marked the rise of free market and challenged the ancient sources on energy. In the nineteenth century, steam power was introduced. The new concept interlinked technological risks, factory development and energy consumption to ethnicity. ... This marked the beginning of high energy consumption levels in America (Smith 59). According to Nye, the discovery of electricity energized the popular culture. The energy needs of the society rose significantly and the culture of consumption gained momentum. The American society had an assumption that energy supply was surplus (Williams 412). This explains the majority in the American society failed to understand the energy crises in 1970. Research shows that Americans did not associate the energy shortage with the levels of energy consumption and throwaway attitude. However, production and consumption was reconfigured when the computer was embraced (Smith 59). Most of the Americans thought a computer was an energy controlling tool. The quest to explore new sources of energy became a strong social construction. The electricity and automobile had a transformative impact on the society (Altomonte and Coviello 37). The high energy use in America was associated to Americans’ hope s for unlimited energy in a liberal and consumer economy (Altomonte and Coviello 37). Americans believed in self-reliant individualism. The effects of pollution on human health in America have caused the American government to rethink the energy sources. The impacts of greenhouse gases on global warming have caused America to reduce the traditional sources of energy. This is happening through the energy regulation controls and improved technology (Williams 412). There has been a push for America to reduce its dependence on petroleum and natural gas (Smith 59). Moreover, there have been proposals on carbon taxes which might have an impact on the American economy. However, the levels of energy consumption in America have

Comment on how these may have contributed to the crisis and describe Essay

Comment on how these may have contributed to the crisis and describe the action subsequently taken on these two matters by the UK Government, see other instructions - Essay Example rigger for the crisis was the bursting of the housing bubble in the US, several corporate governance issues at banks were equally responsible for the spread and deepening of this crisis. Two of the most important corporate governance issues at play were – the merger of retail and institutional banking under one banking entity and the fat bonus culture at financial services companies. Whereas retail banking refers to banking in which banks interact/transact with individuals, institutional banking refers to transactions with corporate. The retail banking is rather risk averse and mostly a stable business in itself whereas institutional banking generally involves a lot more risk taking and the business is quite volatile. By having retail and institutional banking under one parent company, the risks taken for doing business in one area become a possible liability for the other. Therefore, losses incurred at institutional banking would have to be borne by the retail banking branch as they fall under the same group. Secondly, some institutions can indulge in putting more risk in its institutional banking business in order to increase their retail business, which is what explains how many banks were able to sell sub-prime mortgages before the crisis started. Sub-prime mortgages are high risk investments for banks and by packaging them into mortgage-backed bonds and sel ling/buying them through their institutional banking arms, banking groups take on significant risk on their balance sheets. Now, in the event of losses in the institutional banking business, financial services groups had to delve into their equities and reserves to cover these losses and to pay their dues. Thus, from retail banking clients’ point of view, the financial groups were using up their savings put in the bank to pay for losses incurred on the institutional banking business. This led to loss of confidence in the retail banks and caused bank-runs at some banks. As the retail banks keep only a

The new role of the European Union as peacekeeper Essay

The new role of the European Union as peacekeeper - Essay Example Yet, through its shared power it has decision making authority to act on behalf of its member states while holding no sovereign or military power of its own. While this may be true, there are also strengths involved in this configuration. Unlike an individual sovereign state which is limited by its own resources and individual structure, the EU can draw on a vast array of resources when necessary from each of its member states. This unique quality through coordinated efforts has the potential of ensuring a powerful tool in the peacekeeping missions required in today’s volatile world (Gourlay 404). As such, delving into the policy making and decision making responsibilities the EU has poses some interesting questions when it comes to international peacekeeping responsibilities. The decisions on how the EU handled international peacekeeping interventions and how it has evolved into a world class example of a peacekeeper will be shown. Additionally on its path through these vario us initiatives unique challenges faced by the EU and its membership will be discussed as well as a look towards the future face of the EU as a major shareholder in the peace process worldwide. The EU has successfully navigated uncharted water with its original hierarchy. Throughout this essay we will examine how the EU has accomplished some milestones well. There have been bumps in the road but as will be evidenced, the EU keeps moving to the future and a safer more secure world for us all. According to Bono the lines get even further blurred when examining this issue.

What are the effects of the likely food security problems for society Essay - 1

What are the effects of the likely food security problems for society in these regions - Essay Example The crop production trends have also shown various concerns for experts in the present and in the future. Food sufficiency has not been attained, whereas obesity and malnourishment figures show that food is ill-proportioned in the population. Food security refers to the availability of food as well as the population’s access to it. The food that the population has access to, is also nutritious and is good enough to fulfill their dietary needs. If there is ample supply but the population has no access to it, essentially there are food security concerns for that area. Food scarcity in some parts of the world has led to extreme malnourishment and deformations in the human body; especially in many parts of Africa, where food security is major concern. Countries who are self-sufficient in food and claim their people have enough food security are also facing troubles in the hindsight; with increasing populations and needs, there is added pressure on the agricultural sector to ensure higher output levels which is some cases is resulting in price hikes and artificial irregularity in supplies. This is done to increase demand and subsequently increase the price suppliers can demand. Currently, Pakistan which is an agricultural country by economic definitions is facing similar issues due to over-empowered suppliers and feudalism ingrained in the agricultural sector. One of two regions chosen for the analysis of food security concerns in Asia and Pacific; invariably there is a growing concern amongst agriculturalists and experts regarding food security of the region. The two biggest populations of the world, India and China, are pressing for food security concerns. China and India are already hit by food security concerns as the population growth is surpassing their output production, leading to massive imports being made in the food department. A large chunk of population in the South Asian region and

What did the Greeks ever do for us Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What did the Greeks ever do for us - Essay Example The dictionary typically defines philosophy as â€Å"the love of or search for wisdom or knowledge† or â€Å"as the theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge and the nature of the universe† (Neufeldt, Goralnik, 1994, p. 1015). With such a general definition, one might begin to understand the complexities involved in studying philosophy as it seems to encompass just about all knowledge pursuits. Perhaps part of the confusion in trying to define the term can be found in the early days of the science when it applied almost universally to all avenues of knowledge in ancient Greece. The term itself derives from an ancient Greek word that translates to â€Å"love of wisdom† (Wikipedia, 2005) and it is through several early Greek thinkers that we have arrived at the perceptions we now foster. Although philosophy and its early proponents have had a huge impact on the shape of modern Western thought, for the purpose of brevity, th is paper will only discuss how some of the key Greek philosophers have influenced modern conceptions of ethics and morality in a very general sense.Within this discussion, it is important to understand that the definition of ethics as it is considered by philosophers does not merely constitute a choice between right and wrong behavior.

Individual vs. Society on Daisy Miller Research Proposal

Individual vs. Society on Daisy Miller - Research Proposal Example These traits are a stark contrast to the highly conventional, pretentious European society of old, making her the center of gossip and ill contempt. Even Winterbourne, who first found Daisy’s beauty attractive subsequently developed prejudice against her seemingly careless and wanton ways, although she really did nothing extraordinary that many young Americans are not doing today. In this story, the individual, a denizen of the new world, is unintentionally pitted against a decadent, prudish, traditional and old society as her course takes her into its midst. The conflict in Daisy Miller stems from the fact that the young female protagonist of the story is thrown into a culture and society distinct from her own. In the 1870s, the time when the story was written, Europe was an old decadent society steeped in traditions and conventions and America, especially New York where Daisy’s family originated, was a new, modern, coming-of-age nation. It was in this context that the young, modern American youth is thrown into as she travel as a tourist together with her mother, young brother and courier. Daisy Miller, which is said to be Henry James’ most well-known study of the ‘young feminine nature’, is described as a girl’s heedless rash indifference to the kind of decorum being observed in European civilized society. Although at first blush, her actions would seem to be one of the typical American traits of moral innocence, it turns out to be a want of discriminating judgment which tragically ended in her untime ly death (Berkovitch Cambridge University Press p. 163). Nonetheless, there was nothing terribly wrong in Daisy’s actuations from the modern-day perspective except perhaps the fact that she threw all caution to the wind when she went to the Colosseum in the middle of the night with her friend when the malaria epidemic was rampant. The matter with Daisy is that she personifies everything that is

Usage of Magic and Supernatural Elements in Childrens Literature Research Paper

Usage of Magic and Supernatural Elements in Childrens Literature - Research Paper Example Women began to slowly make their voices heard as an oppressed gender and philosophers were beginning to gain a greater understanding of the workings of the human mind. The child, often considered either a sinful and wild creature or a miniature adult, was beginning to be recognized as something still developing. There was a â€Å"veritable explosion of information about this period of physiological and cognitive development in human beings† and literature became â€Å"a central vehicle for expressing ideas about the self and its history† (Steedman 5). Although perhaps initially introduced as a means of breaking with the strict moralistic attitudes of the past, the use of magic and the world of the supernatural proved effective in teaching children in a way they could understand. Breaking from the ‘normal’ world with the introduction of the supernatural or the magical realm makes it possible for authors to personify various behaviors, values and character traits and thus give children more accessible avenues to complex concepts in keeping with their varying levels of understanding. Cognitive ability begins with birth, but improves upon skills acquired during the preschool years to apply to things outside of the self. There are four main categories of skills developed during this period (Santrock 1997). The first of these are self help skills in which the child learns to take care of their everyday needs such as dressing themselves. They also learn social help skills in which they begin to perceive the importance of helping others through activities such as household chores and demonstrating their ability to think outside of themselves. School skills are introduced in which the child learns the academic tools necessary for success in that arena, particularly in developing the analytical skills necessary for logic and mathematics. The final main category is play skills, in which the child

Uniformity of Accounting Standard and Conceptual Framework Essay Example for Free

Uniformity of Accounting Standard and Conceptual Framework Essay Uniformity of Accounting Standard and Conceptual Framework Executive summery Harmonization of the accounting standard and conceptual framework is emerging as a requirement for of the international community. As business cross national boundaries so the transecting parties need uniformity in the financial reporting for better understanding of the business conditions. The process of harmonization gets accelerated by the initiative of the two major standard setting body of the world IASB and FASB. Although the two authoritative bodies try to uniform the accounting standard but the major concern arises here is the biasness of the influencing nations. In the assignment, pros of the harmonization process is discussed which is essential for international business community. The process is also disturbed by taking into account no consideration of the society and judgment of the professionals. In the assignment some recommendations are made for accelerating the harmonization process. Contents Introduction Economics and politics are the two major elements that shape the accounting standard of a nation. As each and every nation varies in their economic condition, customized accounting standard gets its appeal. Nowadays business is not confined in the national boundaries. With the integration of the worldwide market and the economic forces the process harmonizing the accounting standard has become an emerging issue. In the process independent rather than governmental organization is most appropriate. If we account for the advantages and disadvantages of the harmonization process then in the pros side of the ledger high quality standard of the FASB is the achievement and in the cons side I will posted the biasness of the standard setters. The process reduces the cost of the international community because adding an additional member in the process tends to zero marginal cost of standard setters. Why uniformity in the accounting standard and conceptual framework? With the widespread integration of the markets and policies all over the world, nowadays it becomes inevitable for the financial institutions all over the world to follow a uniform standard for financial reporting. Following the high quality accounting standard tends to a higher standard financial reporting. The pros for informing standard all over the world are as follows: (Ball, ,2005) Maintaining uniformity in financial data presentation: standards are set to guide the contracts of the financial institutions. In the case, if the financial reporting of the entities is different, it causes problem for both the contracting parties in the maintenance of the conditions of the contracts. For example- Company X lends money from Bank Y on the condition that landed amount must not exceed 60% of the total tangible. In the situation valuation techniques of the firms are different then it affects the contract adversely. So following a uniform standard for valuation of tangible asset is a solution of the problem Uniform presentation of financial performance: investors make investment decision based on the financial performance of any firm. In the situation, if the firms follow different standard to represent profitability then it becomes misleading for the investors. Following a uniform standard for reporting can resolve the problem (Lammle, ,2005) Adopting uniformity in the accounting standard offers the society the following three benefits: 1. Uniform accounting standard offers the benefit of economics of scale. Standard once are set, the cost of adding additions user is zero 2. The auditors tasks get easy because all the financial institutions follow uniform policy and procedure for reporting 3. Comparability can be made which reduce the cost of the firms contracting each other Extended cross border transactions: nowadays cross border transaction has been increased. Information about the foreign products and the financial information of the business are now available in internet. As a result, investors invest in foreign firms. In the situation uniform financial reporting gets very important (Buys, ,2011) Uniform financial reporting offers the investors the following benefits: IFRS standards offer a more accurate presentation of the financial data than that of the national standards. Information of some firms is not readily available. In the situation uniformity in accounting standard reduce risks in decision making Usually small investors cannot evaluate all the information than that of professionals. Following the IFRS standard improves the quality of information which ultimately gives the investors more information for access Following the uniform accounting standard serves the purpose of comparability and information accessibility cost gets reduced In IFRS standard emphasis is given for the comparability of information and it becomes more accessible. So integrating the entire world standard with IFRS yields the investors the above benefits. Some other passive pros of uniform accounting standard are as follows: Improve usefulness of financial data Increase transparency which ultimately benefits stakeholders The above two factors tend to reduce agency costs of the firms The above are some of the benefits of harmonization of the accounting standard. The process of harmonization is fueled by the process of globalization. As transactions occurs across national boundaries, there create a need for uniform accounting standard. In today’s business world, transactions cross national boundaries. As a result uniformity in reporting financial data gets very important. IFRS standard plays a vital role in the process of harmonization and many of the European nations follow IFRS. In the process an initiative is taken by USA to harmonize GAAP with IFRS. (HINES, ,2005) Arguments against uniform financial reporting Uniformity in financial reporting is made at the expense of the society. Culture differs in different nations, as a result in the process of uniform accounting reporting cultural aspects are considered. Economic condition of different nations also varies, for example- some are big, and some are small. Uniformity ignores the judgments of the professionals. The process also discourages research in the field and also discourages different ways of financial reporting. Shortcomings of uniform financial reporting are as follows: (Sunder, ,2007) Application of the concept uniformity: the concept of uniformity can never be defined specifically so that the standard setters can apply it in financial reporting. For example- in case of reporting the R D expenditure, management discretion is ignored. In recording the expenditure economic nature of the firm is considered. But the economic condition of the firms is not feasible in many cases. As a result, the uniformity issues creates problem Social norms: the process of uniformity in accounting standard barely considers the issues like cultural, social and political differences in the nations. As a result the process of implementation is affected largely. (Madawaki, ,2012) In applying the standard in the society the standard setters face the following three problems related with the practice in the society: 1. Information problem: in the process of developing standards, the stand makers have very little information about the social circumstances. Standard are set to replace the previous one but the process is very complex. Involvement in the social norms provide more information which is largely ignored in the process 2. Problem in design the standard: in designing standard, it becomes very important to attain representation, impartiality and consistency. The professionals set the standard may not be impartial. In the process, the influencing stakeholders try to influence the standard setting for their benefit. This influence distorts the proper standard setting of the standard setting body. 3. The gaming problem: the development of the standard alters the decision environment of the business firms. Standard also paves some new opportunities. The standard setters do not possess all the information for desired chances as a result misunderstanding arises. The standard setters should ensure that the standards ensure the mutual understanding between the standard setters and the business firms Legal situation of a nation: in the cases where standard is conflicting the low of the nation the jurisdiction of the nation imply it invalid to impose Education and research: in the process of uniformity new standards are set. As a result, the professional teams of the standard setting body have to train the local the professionals in the new standards. In the educational programs also the subject concern with the topic should be amended. This means that the whole system such as: educational materials, accounting software, reporting system all have to be restructured (Agrawal, ,1987) The process of uniformity is questioned by the dominance of some countries. Many nations argue that the head of IASB is the representative of USA. It is a major defense against the standard setting process. In some cases, the judgmental areas of the business firms vary. In the situations, uniformity is somehow impossible. Harmonizing standard with the US GAAP in the uniform of standard is also a major shortcoming. Recommendation The process of harmonization of the two standard setting bodies FASB and IASB has already been started. The process benefits the transactions across national border. Cost of providing information is also reduced. In the situation the process can be successful if it can maintain the following standards: (Barbu, ,2007) To cope with the changing global marketplace, the standard setting body should update the accounting standard in a regular basis and should communicate it with the related parties for implementation The standard setting body should be private and independent to avoid any political pressure of the government which ultimately ensures democracy. In case of governmental standard setting body, there is a chance to be biased in formulating accounting standard In setting the standard the economic variety of the nations should be considered There should be some areas for professional judgment because of the economic variety of the nations To implement the process of uniformity a monitoring sell should be developed. The department oversees the maintenance of the accounting standard. If any nation does not follow the prescribed standard then the department can panelize the nation (Buchanan, ,2007) Conclusion The process of harmonization gets appeal of the international community in the last ten years. The process gets accelerated by the Europeans as they are currently following IAS and IFRS for financial reporting. United States is also a pioneer in the issue by creating a bridge with the international standard with GAAP. In the process the stakeholders gets advantaged by sharing a uniform financial reporting. The cross border relationship is emerged in a new horizon now. The audit process gets the justification in the harmonization process.  But the process is not without some problems also. The process reduces the independent judgment of the auditors. The major stakeholders also influence the standard setting process. An independent private standard setting body is a possible solution to the problem.

Philip Pirrip Essay Example for Free

Philip Pirrip Essay The initial information that we derive from the opening paragraph is that, Philip Pirrip is known as Pip. Both of Pips parents have died, his tombstone, which informs us that his father has died and the inscription on this Also Georgina Wife of the Above. We immediately feel sympathy for Pip as he says I never saw my father or my mother, not even in a photograph. He does have a very vivid imagination however and from the tombstone the shape of the letters on my fathers gave me an odd idea that he was a square, stout, dark man, with curly black hair. This shows, from the slightest thing Pips imagination runs riot. Our hearts extend even more to the grief stricken Pip when we discover his five brothers are also dead, Sacred to the memory of five little brothers of mine, we perceive him to be a helpless young boy. We soon discover that he lives with his sister, and her husband, who is a blacksmith, as he replies when asked Who dye live with, My sister, sir Mrs Joe Gargery wife of Joe Gargery, the blacksmith, sir. The question is asked by a fearful man Pip encounters in the graveyard whilst visiting the graves of his deceased family. Dickens presents this man in a very explicit manner, this is to contrast the two characters. A fearful man, all in coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with broken shoes, and with an old rag tied round his head. A man who had been soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles, and torn by briars; who limped, and shivered, and glared and growled; and whose teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin. Pip pleads in terror pray, he is scared for his own safety, willingly he replies to any questions the man, a convict, poses to him. Dickens explicitly expresses Pips worry I was frightened again. We realise Pips sister is twenty years older and once more we feel for Pip, she had bought me up by hand. Pip finds homage from his terrible start in life and his meeting with the convict in Joe Gargery, his sisters husband, who Pip says was a fair man, he was a mild, good natured, sweet tempered, easy going dear fellow. In saying this he indicates to us his fondness of him. Dickens conveys the idea of his rough mistreatment by his sister, he reiterates the harshness of her care for Pip, by throwing me, and shes been on the rampage. Although Pip is young, he still has underminding values and thoughts, the guilty knowledge that I was going to rob Mrs Joe. He is always asking questions showing he is inquisitive. We also find out he is to be apprenticed to Joe showing his future appears mapped out and following a set route.  The character of Pip before his visit to Miss Havisham is one of admiration and security. Joe perceives Pip to be wonderful, what a scholar you are! He shows admiration for Pip, he is proud of his achievements, I should like to be. Pip in turn admires Joe. When I m pren gtd 2 u Jo wot larx. Showing hes looking forward to working with Joe. Joe and Pip are friends, Pip realises the goodness of Joe, Young as I was, I believe that I dated a new admiration of Joe from that night. We were equals, as we had been before I had a new sensation of feeling conscious that I was looking up to Joe in my heart, this shows Pips growing maturity, he sees and appreciates his relationship with Joe. Dickens portrays Joe as a loving, caring minder for Pip, and bring the poor little child. God bless the poor little child, and by saying that theres room for him at the forge Joe shows he has Pips best interests at heart. The crucial turning point and change in Pips character occurs during chapter 8 when Pip visits Miss Havishams. His initial reaction to Satis House, Miss Havishams residence, is one of apprehension, he doesnt think it looks friendly, old brick, and dismal, and had a great many iron bars to it. After his view of the house his outlook of the forthcoming acquaintance with Miss Havisham looks bleak. Pip is very shy when he meets Estella, he sees her as above him as his use of the term conductress shows. The meeting with Miss Havisham devastates the young happy Pip.  Pip is told what to do by Miss Havisham let me see you play cards, to which Estella replies why, he is a common labouring boy which hurts Pip, he feels upset at the scornful remark. Miss Havisham herself is cruel, she appears to enjoy making fun of Pip, she asks him what he thinks of Estella which causes Pip great discomfort, I dont like to say. Estella is constantly tormenting Pip, the turning point is when she exclaims he calls the knaves, Jacks, this boy! Adding and what coarse hands he has! And what thick boots! Pip feels ashamed, he reflects immediately on Estellas hurtful remarks I had never thought of being ashamed of my hands before; but I began to consider them a very indifferent pair. He relays his true emotions I was so humiliated, hurt, spurned, offended, angry, sorry, tears started to my eyes which shows he has clearly been affected by these remarks. Pips immediate angry reaction is to blame Joe for his upbringing, he determined to ask Joe why he had ever taught me to call those picture cards, Jacks. He wishes Joe had been rather more genteelly brought up, and then I should have been so too. This shows he wishes he could have an education. Pip sums up his meeting with Miss Havesham, I had seen, and deeply revolving that I was a common labouring boy; that my hands were coarse; that my boots were thick; that I had fallen into a despicable habit of calling Knaves, Jacks; that I was much more ignorant than I had considered myself last night, and generally that I was in a low-lived bad way. The quote shows Pips new outlook towards himself, and his new considered view of his image. Dickens uses the word despicable, this represents how Pip feels about himself at the present moment in time. After the visit to Miss Haveshams, Pip returns back home, the visit has greatly affected his self-esteem, bringing the character of Pip forward in a new light. Pip lies to his sister and Mr Pumblechook, about the dealings of his visit, I felt convinced that if I describes Miss Havesham as my eyes had seen it, I should not be understood. Showing Pip finds it easier to lie, than to face the truth about Estella and Miss Havesham. He doesnt want his sister not Mr Pumblechook, to find out the truth, I said as little as I could. Showing he has no intention of revealing anything about his encounter.

Duties and responsibilities of Event Management

Duties and responsibilities of Event Management INTRODUCTION Event manager is a person of vision, energy, and commitment in a position of responsibility and authority. An event manager plays myriad professional roles. Event managers and their teams are often behind-the-scenes running the event. Event managers may also be involved in more than just the planning and execution of the event, but also brand building, marketing and communication strategy. The event manager is experts at the creative, technical and logistical elements that help an event succeed. This includes event design, audio-visual production, scriptwriting, logistics, budgeting, and negotiation and, of course, client service. It is a multi-dimensional profession. So now let us see some of his duties and responsibilities. An event manager is a, Project director: Set and define goals; schedule and assign tasks, Personnel supervisor: Choose, motivate, and evaluate staffs, Art director: Design theme, decorations and printed materials, Executive: evaluate long term results and make decisions, Accountant: plan budgets and balance the books, Facilities experts: find and use a site to its fullest potential, Public relations practitioners: target audience and develop publicity campaigns. Salesperson: sell the event to the organization, financial sponsors, and the public, Box office consultants: ticket sales and registration process. Program administrator: develop and schedule programming. Caterer: create nutritious menus and oversee food preparation. Captain: choose and implement food service system. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN EVENT MANAGER They will also attend the event to ensure everything goes to plan. Event managers supply to all types of services relating to the events industry a take on the responsibility of coordinating all the logistics involved in making the event work to the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s satisfaction. They are follows: Personality An event manager should be able to present a calm, friendly, and courteous manner at all times. The five essential characteristics of successful event managers can be listed as: Detail- oriented Organized Full of energy, both physical and emotional Nurturing Flexible. Having a good sense of humor is a key apart from the above qualities. Motivation The job of event manager requires hard work and a service orientation; it is not a good position for a glory seeker. The person who wants to sit at the head table, give orders, and look important has the wrong idea of an event managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s functions. Safety meetings and inspections During the risk assessment meeting the event manager needs to elicit all possible health or safety hazards associated with the goods, services and personnel to be used to produce the events. Specifically ask all vendors and suppliers to identify potential physical hazards and the safeguards necessary to prevent exposure to illness or injuries. Use this opportunities to communicate a commitment to safety in all aspects of the event. During preliminary site inspections the event manager should look for any event element or aspect of the event site that might have the potential for injury, scanning sanitary supplies and disposable diapers/ nappies, is sometimes considered a form of hazardous material, may be generated by first aid stations and must be disposed of accordingly. Particularly for outdoor sites, pest control may be important, perhaps requiring clearing and cleaning out of infested areas, spraying for insects. The event manager should determine if vector borne diseases are possible and work with public health authorities to control the vector. Sanitation and hygiene Cleanliness and hygienic conditions are imperative for many reasons, including health and safety from injuries or illness, but also for the comfort and the welfare of the event audience, participants, and personnel. Water is a critical component of health and hygiene. The quality and the quantity of the water must be accessed, particularly for outdoor events and temporary event sites, including the potential for water supply sabotage and the location and logistics of getting emergency water supplies. Free and freely accessible drinking water must be provided at all the events. Potable water must also be provided for cleansing needs and non potable water may be needed for dust abatement. Sanitary facilities must be in sufficient numbers to accommodate the expected numbers and types of users for the expected duration of the events. They must be positioned appropriately to serve the various event populations. Occupational safety is also a consideration. The catering operations must guard against such hazards as burns from cooking and serving equipments, cuts from knives or broken glasses, slips and trips on spilled liquids or electrical cords, falls, fire and fumes. Preparing an event record The event records mainly include: Timeline/ schedules Initial proposal Contacts Committees Correspondence Budget Site Marketing and promotion Promotional materials Registration Theme and program Audiovisual On the day of the event During the event, a manager should greet guest, visit at tables during the meal, discuss the sessions with seminar leaders, and generally see to it that everyone has the best possible time. Ideally, a manager will have delegated well enough to be able to do nothing but transverse the site, checking upon people and activities and chatting with guests to find out how the event is perceived. At outdoor sites and large events, event managers sometimes distribute walkie- talkies or wears beepers. Keeping the events on track The following steps are taken by the event managers to keep the events on track: Select volunteers; form committees Decide goals and themes Research audience Create event names and logo Choose evaluation methods Outline budget Contact potential sponsors Visit and select sites Diagram sites Make signs Plan publicity campaigns Contact media Design registration Audition and select performers Schedule rehearsals Draft menu Negotiate with caterers Choose serving style Shop for supplies Prepare food The big day Clean up and close Meet for evaluations Send thankyous Write and file reports Selecting an event The choice of a specific event will rest on three supports: Purpose ( fund raising, recruitment etc) Audience (need and characteristics) Organization (success lies in using the strongest resources) Special events held by organizations and clubs can center on such elements as: Food (bake sales, potlucks, award banquets, cooking seminars) Entertainment (talent shows, concerts, theaters parties, gospel sings) Merchandise Athletic endeavors Education Games Potpourris Choosing a theme A theme should be developed by the event manager for the event. Hobbies and careers, holidays, seasons, games, activities, history, costumes, ethnic culture, geography, colors, flowers, jewels, literature, and weddings can all form the bases of the special events. The date itself may suggest a theme. The site of an event may contribute to theme ideas. Names and logos should be selected with great care. Use a memorable name that clearly explains and identifies the event. One of the managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tasks is to maintain the atmosphere of the event. Clever lighting can help spotlight a performer or speaker, encourage intimate conversation, or display artwork to advantage. Goal settings for special events and Conferences Raise funds for a specific cause, person, or place Build spirit among long term members ( heal a breach, solve a political problem, launch a new program) Facilitate information distribution/ exchange especially for large audience Recruit new members (specific or group of people) Celebrate, give awards, recognize volunteer efforts Attract publicity, reach new audience, heighten public awareness CONCLUSION Event management is the application of project management to the creation and development of festivals, events and conferences. Event management involves studying the intricacies of the brand, identifying the target audience, devising the event concept, planning the logistics and coordinating the technical aspects before actually executing the modalities of the proposed event. Post-event analysis and ensuring a return on investment have become significant drivers for the event industry. For event management we should have proper communication skill and hard work for it. And we should be ready for work in out the event, only then we can become an Event Manger.

Task 1.2 Analysing the historical land marks of Social and welfare

Task 1.2 Analysing the historical land marks of Social and welfare policies of past and present, explain how the quality of life for the service users have improved over time: P1.1: Identify key historical landmarks in social welfare, focusing on the period up to 1945: The Key historical landmarks in social welfare focusing 1945 period were: In 19th century it was the role of religion, the voluntary sector in welfare. And in early 20th century Liberalism and the foundations of British welfare, votes for women.Let us analyse the historical landmarks of Social welfare policies for a period of upto 1945. 1901 Seebohm Rowntrees first study of poverty in York, Poverty: a study of town life 1903 Charles Booths study of poverty in London, Life and Labour of the People of London (1906 1912) THE NEW LIBERALISM: To make people liberal in their living.It is said by Lloyd George that We will draw a line below which we will not allow people to live and labour 1906 School Meals Act 1908 Old Age Pensions Act: means-tested pensions from age 70 1909 The Peoples Budget: super tax introduced, child tax allowances introduced 1911 National Insurance Act: sickness insurance and limited provisions for unemployment (1913 -1941) CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT: It mainly focuses on dealing with problems individually.Beveridge Report goes this way: In all this change and development, each problem has been dealt with separately, with little or no reference to allied problems. 1920 Unemployment Insurance Act: non-manual workers included. 1925 Widows, Orphans, and Old Age Contributory Pensions Act: first national scheme of contributory pensions 1936 J.M. Keynes General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money 1940 Old Age and Widows Pensions Act: pension age for women reduced from 65 to 60 (1942 1945) TOWARDS A BEVERIDGE WELFARE STATE: Contributing for the welfare of the people.Beveridge Report goes this way:It is, first and foremost, a plan of insurance of giving in return for contributions benefits up to subsistence level, as of right and without means test, so that individuals may build freely upon it. 1942 Sir William Beveridges Report on Social Insurance and Allied Services 1943 Juliet Rhys Williams work-tested Citizens Income The Beveridge Plan,will have the effect of undermining the will to work of the lower-paid workers to a probably serious and possibly dangerous degree. The prevention of want must be regarded as being the duty of the State to all its citizens, and not merely to a favoured few Family Allowances Act:  £0.25 a week for each child after the first. P1.2 Outline evolution of health and social care policies following World War II until 1979: This is the time during the war when the government got committed to full employment through the Keynesian Policies, free universal secondary education, and the introduction of secondary allowance. 1946 National Insurance Act:Has flat-rate NI benefits.Provided a comprehensive system of unemployment, sickness, maternity and pension benefits funded the by employers and employees, together with the government . 1948 National Assistance Act: Poor Law got abolished 1955 Richard Titmuss Eleanor Rathbone Lecture on the Social Division of Welfare: The tax saving that accrues to the individual through income tax allowances is, in effect, a transfer payment 1959 National Insurance Act: graduated pensions got introduced 1962 Milton Friedmans Capitalism and Freedom includes negative income tax proposals 1965 Poverty rediscovered: The Poor and the Poorest, Brian Abel-Smith and Peter Townsend 1966 Supplementary Benefit replaces National Assistance.Rate rebates got introduced. 1971 National insurance invalidity benefit got introduced.Family Income Supplement (FIS) introduced (and with it the poverty trap) 1972 Heath Governments Proposals for a tax-credit scheme.Tax credits become Conservative policy. First national scheme of rent rebates (and higher rents) 1975 Social Security Pensions Act: State Earnings-Related Pensions (SERPS). Earnings-related national insurance contributions introduced at 5.75% 1976 One-parent benefit got introduced 1978 Meade Report on The Structure and Reform of Direct Taxation includes a chapter on Social Dividend. SERPS gets implemented. 1977-79 Tax-free child benefit phased in, replacing taxable family allowance and child tax allowances. P1.3 Outline health and social care policies from 1979 to the present day: (1979 90) TOWARDS A RESIDUAL WELFARE STATE: It was said by Margaret Thatcher that We offered a complete change in direction. 1980 Social Security Acts 1 and 2: Instead of earnings pension upratings got linked to prices. Education Act: Local Education Authorities allowed to choose whether to provide school meals: fixed prices and national nutritional guidelines got abolished. 1982 National insurance contribution increased to 8.75%. Earnings-related supplements with national insurance unemployment and sickness benefit cease to operate. 1983 First official reference to Basic Income in the report of the Meacher sub-committee of the House of Commons Treasury Select Committee.National insurance contribution increased to 9%. National insurance sickness benefit replaced by statutory sick pay. Rent/rate rebates got replaced by housing benefit. 1984 Basic Income Research Group formed.Child dependency additions with national insurance unemployment benefit cease to operate. 1985 Norman Fowlers Social Security Review. Billed as the most fundamental since World War II, but did not examine integrated systems. 1986 Social Security Act: Three major Bills in one (Got effective from April 1988) 1987 National insurance maternity grant replaced by statutory maternity pay. Payment of half and three-quarter rate national insurance unemployment benefit ceases. 1988 Tax cuts and benefit cuts.Top rate of income tax down from 60% to 40%. Standard rate of income tax down from 27% to 25%.The withdrawal of income support from most 16-17 year olds.Cuts in housing benefits, SERPS and national insurance widows pensions. Maximum rate rebate limited to 80% of liability.Child benefit frozen.Income-tested Family Income Supplement replaced by means-tested Family Credit. Free school meals restricted to families on Income Support. 1989 Child benefit frozen.Abolition of pensioner earnings rule.Social Security Act introduces actively seeking work test. 1990 Liberal Democrats Conference votes for Citizens Income.Independent taxation of husbands and wives introduced, but with married couples allowance for husbands Child benefit still frozen. (1991 1996) CUTS AND TINKERING: Peter Lilley said,The changes I have announced today will help shift the balance back to a benefit system that does not discriminate against married couples, and which aims to reduce benefit dependency by helping people into work. 1991 Child Support Act introduced.Benefits Agency established. Child benefit unfrozen. 1992 Disability living allowance replaces mobility allowance and attendance allowance for the under-65s. Disability working allowance introduced.Additional minor reforms of disability benefits. 1993 Peter Lilley launches sector by sector review of social security. 1994 Budget introduces welfare to work measures to ease transition into paid work and encourage full-time work.Introduction of child care allowance for certain parents claiming family credit and related benefits. 1995 Incapacity Benefit replaces Sickness Benefit and Invalidity Benefit.Phasing out of additional assistance for lone parents.Cuts in housing benefit for young people Pensions Act reforms occupational pensions, reduces value of SERPS, extends scope of personal pensions, and equalises pension age for women born after 5th April 1955 (with phasing in from 60 to 65 for those born after 5th April 1950). Cuts in housing benefit and in help with mortgage interest for income support claimants. 1996 Jobseekers allowance replaces unemployment benefit and income support for the unemployed.Contributory benefit is paid for 6 months instead of 12 and the level is reduced for 18-24 year olds.The Asylum and Immigration Act 1996, introduces restrictions on benefits, housing and employment for asylum applicants. (1997 2008) NEW LABOUR: Tony Blair said In future, welfare will be a hand-up not a hand-out 1997 Tony Blair becomes Prime Minister. First Labour government for 18 years. 1999 Family Credit replaced by Working Families Tax Credit (WFTC) and Disabled Persons Tax Credit (DPTC).Winter fuel payments of  £100 per year for those aged 60 or over introduced. Payments are not means-tested. 2000 Benefit entitlement for new asylum seekers ends. 2001 Childrens Tax Credit introduced a tax allowance for those with children. Bereavement benefits reformed so that widowers as well as widows entitled to benefits when their spouses die. 2002 State Second Pension replaces SERPS. Carers and those with children under 6 become entitled to credits in accruing pension rights. 2003 Child Tax Credit (CTC) and Working Tax Credit (WTC) replace WFTC, DPTC and Childrens Tax Credit. Payment depends on a claimants annual income and is assessed annually unless there are certain changes of circumstances during the tax year.WTC includes payments for childcare but only up to 70% (later 80%) of the childcare costs and a maximum limit.9 out of 10 families with children qualify.Pension Credit introduced, replacing income support for people aged 60 or over.Guarantees a minimum income for pensioners and often paid to top up state retirement pension.Work-focused interviews for benefit claimants introduced. Claimants for certain benefits are required to participate in an interview with a personal adviser in order to meet entitlement conditions. 2005 Civil partnerships introduced for same-sex couples. Cohabiting same-sex couples treated in the same way as heterosexual couples for benefit purposes rather than as two individuals. 2006 The Governments White Paper Security in Retirement proposes an increasing retirement age, personal savings accounts, and a basic state pension uprated in line with earnings from 2012.Winter fuel payments increased to  £200 ( £300 for a person aged 80 or over). 2007 The House of Commons Work and Pensions Committees report on Benefits Simplification recommends a Single Working Age Benefits and publishes a costed Citizens Income Scheme in its evidence. 2008 Welfare Reform Act 2007 comes into force. As well as making minor changes to benefit legislation, it introduces a Local Housing Allowance to simplify Housing Benefit for privately rented tenants. The Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) replaces Incapacity Benefit and Income Support paid for new claimants on the basis of incapacity for work. Claimants face tougher tests before being granted ESA which also makes the benefit system even more complicated. M1.1: Analyse and express your views. Welfare services comprises of social security, which makes different provisions against disruption of earnings due to sickness, injury, old age or even unemployment. They take the forms of unemployment and sickness benefits, family allowances as well as income supplements that is being provided and financed through the insurance schemes of the government. During 1945,the government was committed to full employment through the Keynesian Policies, and introduced free universal secondary education, and the introduction of secondary allowance.Family allowances, a national health service and full employment were the main considerations during that time.Many policies provided a comprehensive system of unemployment, sickness, maternity and pension benefits funded the by employers and employees, together with the government. Another important aspect that needs to be considered for the social and health welfare in the UK is the social citizenship model.The issues regarding the social citizenship model was not a challenge in the anticipation of the emergence of the  Conservative Party leader in 1975 and the Prime Minister in 1979.  After 1975 the government actually promised low taxes, less state intervention, as well as lower levels of public spending. In the theory it involved, vital cuts in the welfare spending. But at present,policies reduce benefit dependency by helping people into work. New Labour and social inclusion, important legislation and health and social care initiatives begin to take over the society with which we live in. D1.1: Critically compare and explain the facts: Upto 1945 Till 1975 At Present It deals with role of religion, the voluntary sector in welfare. Also dealt with free universal secondary education. Sickness was a primary cause of pauperism, and the Poor Law authorities began to develop infirmaries for sick people. It deals with policies regarding welfare state. Beveridge report is based on three assumptions:family allowances,health service,full employment.Other than this it was during this period the Insurance,Pensions,Tax credits,Family Income supplement etc was introduced as benefits to the common man. It deals with New Labour and social inclusion, important legislation and health and social care initiatives,New Rights and Thatcherism.Also the changes done by Peter Lilley announced that today will help shift the balance back to a benefit system which aims to reduce benefit dependency by helping people into work Task 2.1: Explain and analyse the process of key acts coming through the parliament to become the policy of the government. Explain in terms of Health and Social policy. Analyse the influential factors which shapes the key themes and concepts in a parliamentary act. Evaluate the impact on service users once an act becomes the policy/law. P2.1: Identify and analyse the processes involved in development of a key Act of Parliament: An Act of Parliament creates a new law or changes an existing law.Also Acts are Acts of Parliament which have been given Royal Assent. All Acts of Parliament start life as a Bill which must pass through Parliament. These must be distinguished from Private Members Bills which are Public Bills proposed by backbench MPs. Public Bills originate from a number of different sources.It may arise from government, civil service, government agencies, political parties, committees, enquiries, legislative process, green/white papers, debate.The Government decides whether or not to agree to these proposals and put them before Parliament. Once a department has decided that it wishes to ask Parliament to pass legislation on a certain topic, it will undergo a consultation process with interested parties. The extent of this process will differ depending on the complexity, importance and urgency of the matter. It may take many months or a few days. The first stage is often a consultation document calle d a Green Paper which sets out in general terms what the Government is seeking to do and asks for views. Once these are received and taken account of (or not) the Government will produce a White Paper, which sets out the proposals decided upon and the reasons for the legislation. These two stages may be contracted into one.These stages are not fixed by formal rules and are subject to change. For example, it is increasingly common for draft Bills to be drawn up and circulated for consultation before being formally laid before Parliament, an example being the Mental Health Bill 2002. Occasionally Bills are scrutinised by the Parliament.In terms of Health Social department ,health policy is a set course of action (or inaction) undertaken by governments or health care organizations to obtain a desired health outcome.The overall health care system, including the public and private sectors, and the political forces that affect that system are shaped by the health care, policy-making proc ess. Public health-related policies come from local, state, or federal legislation, regulations, and/or court rulings which govern the provision of health care services. Nurses are very familiar with institutional policies including those developed and implemented by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Policy making takes place in a wide variety of settings ranging from fairly open and public systems. The location of decision making in the public or the private sector, the scope of the issue, and the nature of the policy all have an impact on the characteristics of a policy. Since a basic understanding of the policy process is the first step in strategizing how to activate potential power and influence meaningful changes in the health care system, We will discuss the three phases of policy making. Basically there are three phases of policy making: the formulation phase, the implementation phase, and the evaluation phase. During the formulation phase th ere is input of information, ideas, and research from key people, organizations, and interest groups. At this point the issue is framed; the purpose and desired outcomes are clearly identified strategies most appropriate to the desired outcome are selected; and needed resources are identified and planned. The implementation phase involves disseminating information about the adopted policy and putting the policy into action. In this phase, the proposed policy is transformed into a plan of action. The policy process also includes an evaluation and modification phase when existing policies are revisited and may be amended or rewritten to adjust to changing circumstances. P2.2: Analyse the factors that influenced the key themes and concepts in the Act: Health depends on a number of factors, including biological factors, environmental factors, nutrition, and the standard of living.The main factors currently affecting peoples health in the United Kingdom include smoking, bad diets, alcohol, and lack of exercise. While the British government has worked to reduce the influence of these factors, only the people themselves can put an end to them by changing their attitudes toward health.Apart from these many other factors act as influential factors which shapes the key themes and concepts in a parliamentary act. Evaluation and evidence are not the only factors that influence policy making and service delivery.The experience, expertise and judgement of policy makers, and those people who have responsibility for planning and delivering policies and public services, are important factors in the policy making process. So too are the finite resources that are available for policies, programmes and projects.The values and value system within which contemporary politics take place are also contributory factors to the policy making process.This includes beliefs, ideologies, and party manifesto commitments. Policy making also involves habitual and traditional ways of doing things that may sometimes defy rational explanation yet nonetheless exist and often define what can and cannot be done in making and implementing policy. The influence of lobbyists and pressure groups on policy making also paves an important way to reach the target. The policy making process can be strongly affected by unforeseen circumstances and contingencies, the response to which can sometimes be opportunistic rathe r than well thought through, soundly evaluated, and evidence based. P2.3: Evaluate the impact of the Act on service users: Generally, as the function of health and social care, it can be concluded as a body which provide services that relates to care services but the two bodies are separated in term of governing, policies, act, and so on. The UK government are concerned with the separation of social and health care. Because of the separation, it cause a major problem such as service fragmentation, higher cost of treatment and problem in continuing care after discharge from the hospital.Reflecting to this problem, the UK government has put a priority in integrating these two entities.The Govt organization can ensure better benefits to service users by having benefits to: Strategies for health promotion Health and safety Manual handling Data protection Food handling Care practice Mental health Children Disability Task 2.2: M2.1: Critically analyse and explain how political leaders leading the country through economic hardships and recession in the aftermath of World War 2 and leading to the World War 2, made key improvements through parliament acts for their people. Also political leaders leading the country through economic hardships and recession in the aftermath of World War 2 and leading to the World War 2, made key improvements through parliament acts for their people.Political leaders introducing few other acts to make key improvements in parliamentary acts.They were: Health Act 2009: It proposed measures to improve the quality of NHS care, the performance of NHS services, and to improve public health.   Health and Social Care Act 2008: It contains significant measures to modernise and integrate health and social care. The Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007: It is an Act to make provision, with respect to local government and the functions and procedures of local authorities and certain other authorities; with respect to persons with functions of inspection and audit in relation to local government; to establish the Valuation Tribunal for England; in connection with local involvement networks; to abolish Patients Forums and the Commission for Patient and Public Involvement in Health; with respect to local consultation in connection with health services. Health Act 2006: It is an Act to make provision for the prohibition of smoking in certain premises, places and vehicles and for amending the minimum age of persons to whom tobacco may be sold; to make provision in relation to the prevention and control of health care infections; to make provision in relation to the management and use of controlled drugs; to make provision in relation to the supervision of certain dealings with medicinal products and the running of pharmacy premises, and about orders under the Medicines Act 1968 and orders amending that Act under the Health Act 1999; to make further provision about the National Health Service in England and Wales and about the recovery of National Health Service costs. Task 2.3 D2.1 Critically explain and analyse how person centred care could be improved for the service users with the on-going policy changes from the government. Why is it important for the political sector of the country need to evaluate and understand the final impact towards the service users before processing those social acts through parliament? Most major public policies are subject to modifications in a incremental fashion. Making smaller changes in existing policies are usually less controversial than making major changes as they require less understanding of comprehensive relationships and less effort to achieve. An example of incrementalism in health policy can be seen in the many changes that the Medicare Program has undergone since its enactment in 1965. A change to the program of importance to advanced practice registered nurses came in 1998, when the U.S. Congress added nurse practitioners and clinical nurse specialists as providers who can bill for Part B services they provide to Medicare beneficiaries. Since then, Congress has tweaked Medicare program many times and added a number of preventive services to the Medicare program. Most recently Medicare Part D, an optional prescription drug program available for Medicare beneficiaries, has been added. If we think about why is it important for the political sector of the country need to evaluate and understand the final impact towards the service users before processing those social acts through parliament,the Govt is actually responsible for.That needs to be understood first. As any health care issue moves through the phases of the policy process, from a proposal to an actual program that can be enacted, implemented, and evaluated, the policy process is impacted by the preferences and influences of elected officials, other individuals, organizations, and special interest groups. These different factions do not necessarily view the issue through the same lens and often have diverse and competing interests. Added into the mix are the partisan agendas of the two political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans.The political party holding the majority usually has the political advantage.Decision makers rely mainly on the political process as a way to find a course of action that i s acceptable to the various individuals with conflicting proposals, demands, and values.As a general rule, any policy involving major change, significant costs, or controversy will be relatively more time consuming and difficult to achieve and will require the use of more political skills and influence than will policies involving less complex changes. Throughout our daily lives, politics determines who gets what, when, and how. Political interactions take place when people get involved in the process of making decisions, making compromises, and taking actions that determine who gets what in the health care system. Special interest groups and individuals with a stake in the fate of a health care policy use all kinds of influencing, communication, negotiation, conflict management, critical thinking, and problem solving skills in the political arena to obtain their desired outcome. Task 3.1. Explain the current policy initiatives in Health and Social Care and evaluate the impact on service users. Analyse the differences in formation and adaption of social policy initiatives from other national perspectives. P3.1: Identify current policy initiatives in all health and social care. The Department of Health social care works to define policy and guidance for delivering a social care system that provides care equally for all, whilst enabling people to retain their independence, control and dignity.Government strategies and policies aimed at providing a broad range of health care services and facilities.Other current initiatives include complementary health settings, or public health arenas,with children, older people or those with disabilities.Apart from these initiatives there are also few that act as policy initiatives in all health Social care facilities.They are disability,gender, ethnic issues, community care,poverty and social security, crime and criminal justice, health and health services. For promoting health the initiatives that need to be taken are labelling regulations to inform consumers of nutritional content of foods,Educational campaigns to promote healthy diets and special programmes targeted to children,Promotion of consumption of fruits and v egetables for the general population,Fruit and Vegetable distribution programmes for school children.Also there is a chance where there will be multi-agency partnerships that creates many job opportunities in line with government initiatives to address health improvement, health inequalities and social exclusion, the health of children, young people and families, care and wellbeing of older people, those suffering from mental health problems and community development.This inturn gave rise to increased employment opportunities in these Health Social care.Child social care, like many public services is under pressure to make financial savings, greater use of resources and effective working practices are essential if the sector is to continue delivering high quality care.Other Initiatives may be Employee related initiatives: Increasing skills employability of unemployed people,working Family tax credit,National Minimum wage Area Focused initiatives: Health focused zones Initiatives to tackle social exclusion:National Strategy for Neighbourhood renewal (Hunter, 2003,58) P3.2: Evaluate the impact of these policy initiatives on service users The United Kingdom Government uses a wide range of evaluation methods to ensure that policies, programmes and public services are planned and delivered as effectively and efficiently as possible to the service users.A major driving force for high quality policy evaluation in U.K. is the Governments commitment to evidence-based policy making. This requires policy makers, and those who implement policies, to utilise the best available evidence from national statistics, academic research, economic theory, pilots, evaluations of past policies,commissioned research and systematic consultation with delivery agents.The Governments strategy for public spending and taxation also provides the context within which policy evaluation takes place in the U.K. The UK Government has undertaken, and is currently undertaking, a number of randomised controlled trials of policy initiatives. In the field of labour market and welfare policy, the Restart evaluation (1990) randomly allocated unemployed people to a compulsory major interview at 6 months unemployment to see if this had the effect of successfully reintroducing them to the labour market. This is one of the largest and best-known randomised controlled trials in U.K and it established a clear and positive impact on exits from unemployment with lasting effects still. P3.3: Analyse the differences in formation and adaption of social policy initiatives from other national perspectives The social healthcare policy initiatives emerged as a distint area in the UK in the early 20th century.To make a civilized society by provision of welfare benefits to the citizens ,irrespective of their ability to pay for them and aim for universal health service,pensions state education. In USA health care is been controlled by private occupational insurance schemes with the state playing no part.It is the same with Japan. In Western Europe there are health care systems that are run by both private state run insurance schemes. In wales it maintains the patient centered focus and answerable to all citizens of the state.Also it involves the communities in the development of the policies for healthcare. So many health problems are prevented before they start of. In Scotland the plan is an contract between the government the individual citizen. The English policy is straightforward.It ensures commitment to improve the health service rather than the policy itself.It is a contract between govt,service the customer. In Welsh document it is based on the notions of community enhancement community capacity building.But it is absent in English Scotland documents(Adams, Robinson, 2002:63-65). Task 3.2 (M3.1): Critically analyse the contemporary policy developments in Health and Social Care. How would you expect these policies could improve quality of life of your service users under your care at a facility? The policies can improve the life of the service users by participating in the interest groups,such as patient organizations.And it paves the way for influencing healthcare as a representative in parliamentary system.Participating in public hearing processes,participating as members in publicly appointed boards councils. Task 3.3 (D3.1):<